Aharonim (lit. "later ones") is a term for the leading Rabbis who lived from roughly the 16th century to the present.  Aharonim is a technical term used in later rabbinical literature generally to indicate authorities who are contemporaries of the person quoting them or who belong to the generation immediately preceding him.  It is especially applied to the rabbinical authors following the age of the Shulhan Arukh — the end of the sixteenth century.  Thus the publication of the Shulhan Arukh marks the transition from the era of Rishonim to that of Acharonim.  For a more detailed description of the Aharonim, see this Jewish Encyclopedia article.

For more on the contributions of the Aharonim, see Responsa (She'elot u-teshuvot), Novellae (hidushim), and Talmudic commentaries.

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